The dominant culture continues to enforce many of the values of the Gilded Age, especially those related to economic inequality, individual responsibility, and the criminalization of marginalized groups. While there have been some advances in social justice, the structures of wealth and power that were solidified during the Gilded Age remain, and they continue to shape modern society and policy. In many ways, the individualization of societal problems, punitive social control, and the focus on charity over systemic change are still being used to maintain the status quo and protect the interests of the wealthy and powerful, much as they were in the late 19th century.
The mental illness industry upholds, promotes, and aligns with Gilded Age values in several ways that reinforce individualism, blame-the-victim attitudes, and the social control of marginalized populations. These values, deeply embedded in the historical context of the Gilded Age, continue to shape how the mental illness industry functions today.
Individualization of Social Problems
– Gilded Age Value: The Gilded Age promoted the idea that social inequality and suffering were the result of personal failings, not systemic oppression. This view reinforced a hierarchy in which those who succeeded were deemed more deserving, while those who struggled were blamed for their own misfortune.
– Mental Illness Industry: In the modern mental illness industry, mental illness and psychological distress are often framed as individual issues. The emphasis is on diagnosis, treatment, and behavioral change at the personal level, rather than addressing the structural causes of distress, such as poverty, discrimination, or economic inequality.
– This individualization places the responsibility for mental health on the person, rather than on broader societal issues. For example, trauma-informed care is often still not fully integrated into mainstream practices, leaving many people without the context that helps them understand their struggles as responses to external pressures, not just personal failures.
Blame-the-Victim Mentality
– Gilded Age Value: The poor and marginalized were often blamed for their own conditions, seen as deserving of their hardship because of perceived laziness, moral failure, or lack of self-discipline. Wealth and success were framed as a result of hard work, while poverty was attributed to personal shortcomings.
– Mental Illness Industry: The mental illness industry often upholds this blame-the-victim mentality. Mental illness or addiction is frequently portrayed as something that individuals are responsible for overcoming, rather than as a response to environmental or societal factors. This becomes especially evident in the focus on self-help, resilience, and personal responsibility, without giving equal weight to the external pressures that individuals face, such as systemic violence, racial discrimination, and the impact of economic inequality.
– For instance, individuals struggling with mental health challenges are often encouraged to “fix themselves” through therapy, medications, or behavioral changes, without sufficient attention to how they are affected by cultural, institutional, or structural forces that perpetuate mental suffering.
Pathologizing the Poor and Marginalized
– Gilded Age Value: The Gilded Age saw the emergence of institutions like asylums, which often medicalized and pathologized the poor and those considered “deviant,” especially immigrants, the mentally ill, and women. These individuals were labeled as abnormal and were often subjected to involuntary treatment or control.
– Mental Illness Industry: Similarly, the mental illness industry has a history of pathologizing behaviors and experiences that arise from oppression and trauma. Issues like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and addiction are often treated as personal pathologies, without sufficient recognition of the social and historical forces that contribute to them. This can lead to the medicalization of social problems, making individuals feel responsible for their condition and further marginalizing them.
– Diagnostic labels often fail to acknowledge the role of external, structural forces (e.g., poverty, violence, systemic racism) and instead place the focus solely on the individual’s behavioral or psychological responses.
Emphasis on Charity and Control Over Systemic Change
– Gilded Age Value: The wealthy industrialists of the Gilded Age engaged in philanthropy, but often to maintain social control. They believed that charity would alleviate the suffering of the poor, but they saw little need to address the systems of inequality that perpetuated poverty and suffering.
– Mental Illness Industry: The mental illness field often treats distress as something to be fixed through individual efforts (e.g., therapy, medications, personal resilience), rather than through social reforms or addressing broader systems of inequality. This echoes the charitable but paternalistic approach of Gilded Age philanthropists, who provided aid but were unwilling to challenge the societal structures that created inequality.
– For example, mental health funding and services are often framed as “helping” individuals by addressing their psychological needs. This overlooks the underlying social determinants of health, such as poverty, racism, lack of access to education, or housing instability, that directly contribute to mental health issues.
Focus on Social Control and Discipline
– Gilded Age Value: During the Gilded Age, institutions like the prison system, mental hospitals, and workhouses were designed to control and discipline populations seen as deviant or undesirable. The poor, immigrants, women, and minorities were often subjected to these institutions as a way to maintain the status quo and reinforce the existing power structures.
– Mental Illness Industry: In the modern mental illness industry, there is often a focus on behavioral modification and the normalization of individuals to fit into the existing social structure. Therapies like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), too often focus on helping individuals “manage” or “modify” their behaviors to fit into the dominant culture, rather than challenging the systemic oppression that causes mental health struggles in the first place.
– In many ways, the mental illness industry mirrors the social control functions of the Gilded Age institutions, where marginalized people are often subjected to therapeutic interventions that aim to normalize them, rather than questioning the systems that created their suffering.
Sustaining the Status Quo
– Gilded Age Value: The Gilded Age promoted the idea of a natural social order in which those at the top were seen as inherently deserving of their wealth and power, while those at the bottom were seen as inferior or lazy. This reinforced a status quo that protected the interests of the wealthy and powerful.
– Mental Illness Industry: The mental illness industry continues to maintain the status quo by focusing on the individual and pathologizing behaviors or emotional states that arise from structural inequality, instead of addressing those structural factors themselves. This dynamic helps to preserve the social order, as it diverts attention away from the larger systems of power that are responsible for inequality and social suffering, keeping focus on individual self-improvement rather than systemic change.
The mental illness industry upholds many of the Gilded Age values, including the individualization of social problems, the blame-the-victim mentality, the pathologizing of the marginalized, and social control through medicalization and therapy. While the individual focus in therapy may be useful in some cases, it fails to address the systemic factors that shape mental health and perpetuate inequality. This aligns with the historical forces of the Gilded Age, where wealthy elites used charity and philanthropy to control and regulate the lower classes, while simultaneously upholding a social system that kept the status quo intact. Ultimately, these dynamics prevent meaningful change from occurring at the societal level and maintain the dominance of existing power structures.